On the 1860 to 1909 penny, there is an image of a shield at the top. On the 1859 penny the reverse has leaves that almost touch together at the top. Indian Head Penny production for commerce began at the start of 1859 and lasted to 1909.
In 1933, President Franklin Roosevelt stopped the issuance of gold in coin form, and recalled many pieces which were in private or bank hands.For additional detail on the origin of the idea for the 1907–1908 United States gold coin redesign, see Saint-Gaudens double eagle § Inception, and Indian Head eagle § Inception.In 1904, US President Theodore Roosevelt complained about the artistic quality of American coinage to his Secretary of the Treasury, Leslie Mortier Shaw, and asked if it were possible to hire a private sculptor such as the President's friend Augustus Saint-Gaudens to give modern, artistic designs to US coins. Neither coin circulated much the quarter eagle saw popularity as a Christmas present. Barber.The two pieces were struck until World War I caused gold to vanish from circulation, and then again in the late 1920s. After some difficulty, the Mint was successful in this work, though Pratt was unhappy at modifications made by the Mint's engravers, headed by longtime Chief Engraver Charles E.
After considerable difficulties, the Mint issued the eagle and double eagle based on Saint-Gaudens' designs later that year. Roberts wrote, "no instructions have been received from the President as to the half and quarter eagle, but I expected that the eagle design would be used upon them". In August (the month of Saint-Gaudens' death from cancer), outgoing Mint Director George E. In May 1907, however, President Roosevelt decided that the eagle and double eagle would bear very different designs, a departure from past practice. Mint officials originally assumed that whatever design was selected for the double eagle would simply be scaled down for the three lower denominations. By the Mint Act of 1792, an "eagle" was made equivalent to ten dollars.
On the double eagle, " E Pluribus Unum" is placed on the edge, an impractical setting on pieces about the size of the nickel and dime. Barber replied a week later that it would be difficult to put all the legends that were required by law on the new pieces, such as the name of the country. On December 2, Mint Director Frank Leach instructed the Philadelphia Mint to prepare coinage dies for the small pieces, using the double eagle design. On November 28, 1907, Treasury Secretary George Cortelyou wrote in a letter that the double eagle design was to be used for the two small gold pieces. Due to the difficulties with the two larger coins, little attention was given to the half eagle and quarter eagle until late 1907.
Hering was willing, and asked for enlarged models of the double eagle designs. Leach wrote to Saint-Gaudens' attorney to ask if the sculptor's assistant Henry Hering could do the work. He planned to use his low-relief version of Saint-Gaudens' double eagle design, but he made slow progress on the assignment. Barber was assigned the task of solving these difficulties.
Innovation The President's friend, Dr. On January 3, 1908, Leach wrote to Hering to inform him that all work would be done by the Mint. Hering any further, unless another year is to be wasted in vain endeavor".
The President responded to express his interest on January 10, and Pratt was soon busy on a model for him to examine. Pieces struck in this manner would have the designs protected from wear and be able to stack easily (both problems with high relief coins). He wrote to the President on January 8, 1908, praising the Saint-Gaudens coins and stating that he was working with a Boston sculptor, Bela Pratt, on an idea that would allow coins to be struck in high relief. Bigelow was one of a number of Roosevelt's friends given early specimens of the double eagle.
Pratt completed plaster models for the coin, using the obverse design for the ten-dollar piece as the basis, but using a photograph of an unknown, male Indian from his photo collection rather than Saint-Gaudens' female Liberty. On the assumption the bill would succeed, Leach had Barber continue with his work, and at least one pattern half eagle was struck on February 26 for Leach to show the President. The Mint had not expected to have to put "In God We Trust" on small coins of the double eagle design, on which it was already having trouble finding space for the other required legends. Bela Pratt's plaster models for the half eagleThe newly released eagle and double eagle had provoked considerable controversy over their omission of the motto " In God We Trust", and with Congress already preparing to require the motto's use, Leach ordered work suspended on the half and quarter eagle on January 18.
His purpose was to have me meet Doctor William Sturgis Bigelow of Boston, a lover of art and friend of the President, who was showing great interest in the undertaking for improving the appearance of American coins, and who had a new design for the smaller gold coins. Leach recalled in his memoirs:The Indian Head eagle, designed by Saint-Gaudens, was the basis for the designs for the smaller gold pieces.Originally it was the intention to give the $5 and $2.50 pieces the same design as that used on the double eagle or $20 piece, but before final action to that end was taken President Roosevelt invited me to lunch with him at the White House. The President was enthusiastic about the proposed coin. Roosevelt and Bigelow had lunch with Mint Director Leach on April 3.
Bigelow wrote to Pratt on May 1 after conferring with Leach, stating that the Mint Director would likely not object if Pratt were to improve Saint-Gaudens' standing eagle, but "I would not, if I were you, get too far from the original, as the President likes it. The President wanted to see Saint-Gaudens' standing eagle from the ten-dollar piece adapted in a recessed surface for the smaller pieces, and, if it did not constitute a change of design, used on the ten-dollar piece as well (a project that did not go beyond the talking stage). Leach even undertook to reimburse Pratt's fee of $300 to Bigelow from government funds. Examples of the Indian Head gold pieces grouped with modern coins for size comparison purposesAs a result of the White House lunch meeting, Leach agreed to abandon the idea that the double eagle design be used for the small gold pieces, and to cooperate with Bigelow and Pratt in the making of the new coins. A coin, therefore, with the lines of the design, figures, and letters depressed or incused, instead of being raised or in relief, would meet the wishes of the bankers and business men, and at the same time introduce a novelty in coinage that was artistic as well as adaptable to the needs of business.
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